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Your Dogs Health Considerations

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Posted: October 12th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Weight Gain Prevention

Pet owners can take several different steps to help control their pet’’s weight. The first is to cut back on treats and snacks. These are generally high in calories and may contribute to weight gain. The second step can be to feed less of the animal’s regular pet food. This usually means measuring the amount of food that’s put into the pet’s dish to prevent the serving size from increasing over time. Third, owners can increase a pet’s exercise with additional walks or playtime each day. This helps the pet owner as well as the pet, and has the additional benefit of increasing the amount of time the pet and owner spend together. Finally, a pet owner could consider switching to a low-calorie food. These products are designed to allow an owner to serve a nice-size portion while still reducing the calories the animal eats. It is always a good idea to consult with a veterinarian before putting a pet on a weight-loss program. The veterinarian can help tailor a weight-loss program for an individual pet and can track progress and help troubleshoot along the way.

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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Veterinary Calendar

Your puppy will need more veterinary care in the first year of life than at any other time. Not only are there concerns of immediate importance, there is a lot your vet can do that will help keep your puppy healthy even when it is all grown up.

First visit:
You should have selected a vet even before bringing your puppy home. Once your puppy is home, the first meeting of vet and puppy should happen as soon as possible - ideally within 24 hours. In addition to a general check up and examination for parasites, you and the vet should work out a specific schedule at that first meeting.

First three months:
In the first three months of your puppy’s life, your vet will probably want to meet every two or three weeks for vaccinations. Initial vaccinations for many diseases start at about six weeks and are repeated every two to three weeks until 14 weeks of age.

Three to six months:
Rabies vaccinations sometimes are regulated by local laws and often begin between three and six months. Between four and six months, your puppy should be checked again for parasites and your vet may recommend heartworm treatment. Also watch for your puppy’s permanent teeth to come in.

Spaying or neutering is recommended between four and six months. The procedure is simple, and males usually recover in a day. Females may take two or three days. This is an important decision. With the number of unwanted dogs born every year, having your puppy sterilized is the responsible thing to do.

Six months to a year:
After six months, the vet visits usually taper off. There are boosters at about one year, and these will be repeated on an annual basis. In general, it is a good idea for adult dogs to make at least one visit a year to maintain the healthy start they got as puppies.

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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Vaccinations

All puppies need to be vaccinated against disease according to the schedule provided by your veterinarian.

Your veterinarian may provide routine vaccinations for canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, Bordetella, Lyme disease and rabies. Remember, most vaccines must be given over a period of time and require multiple veterinary visits. So check with your veterinarian and get ready for a happy, rewarding friendship with your pet.

Distemper
A highly contagious, often fatal virus that affects a dog’s respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous system. Generally this virus spreads as an airborne infection, so vaccination is the only effective control.

Adenovirus
(Also know as infection hepatitis) A viral disease that affects the liver and cells lining the blood vessels, causing high fever, thirst, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, liver damage, and hemorrhage.

Coronavirus
A highly contagious viral infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, high fever and dehydration.

Leptospirosis
An extremely contagious disease that spreads through contact with nasal secretions, urine or saliva of infected animals, and can affect humans as well. The ailment causes inflamed kidneys, fever, vomiting and diarrhea. Liver damage can also occur.

Parvovirus
A common and deadly viral infection whose symptoms include diarrhea, fever and vomiting. Parvovirus can kill puppies very quickly.

Parinfluenza
This virus is one of a number of infectious agents that cause what is often called "kennel cough." The disease is highly contagious and attacks the respiratory system.

Rabies
A fatal infection of the central nervous system that affects all mammals, especially raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, domestic dogs and cats, and humans. Since rabies poses a serious public health threat, it is imperative that your puppy be vaccinated. Most states require it.

Newborn puppies receive disease-fighting antibodies from their mother’s milk. These antibodies normally last only six to sixteen weeks, however. After that, your puppy needs vaccinations to help protect him from disease.

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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Understanding Lyme Disease

If you feel confused about canine Lyme disease, you are certainly not alone. A frequent subject on the news, Lyme disease can be the cause of insidious symptoms in dogs (and in people; cats, however, are unlikely to be affected). Lyme disease is caused by a bacterial spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by deer ticks of the Ixodes species. To complicate things further, the spirochete can be carried and transmitted by other ticks and even by deer flies, fleas and mosquitoes — although the deer tick, Ixodes, is the most common carrier or vector. The tick itself becomes “infected” with the bug primarily by deer mice rather than by deer themselves. Once infected, the tick can then can then transfer Borrelia burgdorferi to any host it bites, including dogs. Lyme disease has become the most frequently diagnosed tick-borne disease in North America, a considerable threat to the health of humans and their canine companions.

Lyme disease is characterized by inflammation of many body systems, causing a variety of symptoms — or clinical signs — across joints, lymph nodes, the central nervous system, the heart and other tissues. The inflammation sparked by Borreliosis may lead to long-term disease including arthritis and heart or kidney failure. It can even be transmitted by pregnant dogs to their unborn offspring via the uterus. Such generalized disease may at first appear only as lameness and loss of appetite; the characteristic “bulls-eye lesion” or rash is rarely apparent in animals.

Just how worried should you be about Lyme disease? Because its clinical signs are nonspecific, a diagnosis may be overlooked until the disease has done some measurable and long-term damage. For this reason, it is particularly important to be aware of Lyme disease if you happen to live in a high-risk region. Areas of the United States in which Lyme disease is currently endemic (present in high numbers) include California and Oregon, the mid-Atlantic states and New England, and a midwestern band running down through Minnesota, Michigan and Missouri.

If you live in an endemic area (or if you are planning to travel with your pet), talk to your veterinarian about a vaccination for Lyme disease. Although vaccination does not provide complete protection against disease (few vaccines do), it may partially protect your dog and give you some peace of mind. Because many tick bites occur close to home, it may help to remove tall grass and brush around your home and yard. Avoid tick-infested areas especially during the months of late spring and early summer, and examine your dog (and yourself) frequently for signs of ticks. If you do find a tick, remove it immediately (ticks must be attached at least 24 hours to transfer the spirochete) and keep it in a jar for identification.

Fortunately, Lyme disease is relatively uncommon. Even if your dog is bitten by an infected deer tick, chances that the spirochete will be transmitted are small; fewer than 5 per cent of bitten animals go on to acquire active infection. Also fortunate is the fact that, particularly if caught early, Lyme disease can be successfully treated with antibiotics.

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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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The Role Of Genetics In Diets

Starting with this issue, Today’s Breeder is introducing a new regular feature on genetics. This section will include updates on development of the canine genetic linkage map — an important tool in identifying the genes responsible for more than 300 genetic diseases — as well as information on how genetics affect canine health and nutrition.

Ralston Purina funds and supports canine genetic research independently and through the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, and leads the effort to encourage collaboration among scientists worldwide. With a goal of helping breeders produce healthier dogs, Purina is committed to addressing the challenges of genetic disease through sound breeding programs, nutritional management and medical therapy.

Dog breeders have known for years that the critical determinants of a dog’s longevity often relate to its development as a puppy, which is influenced partly by nutrition. Though a dog’s genetic makeup and family history contribute to its geriatric performance, the impact of diet can be key in determining the expression of certain characteristics or conditions.

An adult dog has the same genetic makeup as when it was a puppy. As a dog ages, however, some genes may be "turned up" or "down" - up-regulated or down-regulated - in response to changes in the environment experienced repeatedly over time. By utilizing or instilling lifelong good nutrition and health practices, dog owners may be able to minimize or stave off some senior dog conditions such as arthritis, obesity and some types of cancer.

A dog’s genetic makeup is unique. While one dog may thrive on a nutrient-dense diet, another dog could become overweight. Breeds that are genetically susceptible to obesity should be closely monitored through each life stage. Older dogs that gain too much weight should be fed diets for senior dogs, weight-reduction or maintenance.

Depending on an individual dog’s phenotype, sometimes simply changing the molecular component of the diet can help correct a health problem, such as food allergy. Although food allergies are rare, those that occur commonly involve reactions to meat proteins. Feeding a diet with a modified protein, such as soy protein, may be less likely to cause an allergic response in those predisposed dogs.

Genetic research has led to the development of diagnostic tests for 15 of the more than 300 inherited canine diseases. Scientists are able to use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) material from an individual dog and determine whether that dog carries the gene responsible for conditions such as cystinuria or von Willebrand’s disease.

Cystinuria, found in Newfoundlands, mastiffs, English bulldogs, chihuahuas, dachshunds and basset hounds, is a disease characterized by stones in the kidney, urethra and bladder. Canine von Willebrand’s disease is a blood-clotting disorder that sometimes causes fatal bleeding. It occurs in breeds such as poodles, Manchester terriers, Pembroke Welsh corgis and Doberman pinschers.

For most inherited canine diseases, the underlying genetic cause is yet to be determined. Learning the causes of these diseases will require careful screening of the entire genome in pedigrees of dogs carrying the disease — particularly since many of these diseases are inherited from recessive genes.

Though many genetic diseases are not influenced by diet, breeders who can identify dogs that carry the gene for a particular disease can develop stronger breeding programs. As scientists learn more about the location of genes responsible for disease, the development of more specific diagnostic tests may become available. In addition, as new methods in molecular genetics become available, it is probable that a future generation of purebred dogs will be healthier and longer-lived than their predecessors.

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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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The Genetic Gamble

When a breeder learns a top brood bitch is a carrier of a genetic disease, it can be devastating to a breeding program. The breeder’s first thought might be to stop breeding the bitch - and sacrifice a superior bloodline - for fear of producing offspring carriers.

A canine genetic counselor might advise otherwise. Genetic counselors advocate using sound genetic principles in assessing breeding risks. If a bitch is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, a breeder has options that can reduce the propagation of the defective gene, and eliminate the loss of desirable traits.

Advances in canine genetic research have resulted in more diagnostic tests to help breeders identify carriers of genetic disease and determine safe breeding practices. Breakthroughs are possible because breeders and owners of purebred dogs spend millions annually to diagnose and correct genetic disease in their breeds.

Many breed clubs have become active educators about genetic disease. Cathy Lewis of Elkhorn, Wis., a member of Purina Pro Club and the English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association, says the group includes an educational program each year at its annual meeting. Information from a 1998 program on genetics was printed in ESSFTA’s "The Springer Spotlight" newsletter and was posted on the group’s Web site at www.essfta.org. Links to breed-related health and genetic topics also are featured on the Web site.

Jerold Bell, D.V.M., a canine genetic counselor and course director for clinical veterinary genetics at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine in North Grafton, Mass., presented the ESSFTA program on "The Proper Use of Genetic Tests in Making Breeding Decisions."

"Defective genes were not created by breeders," Bell says. "They are due to mutations, bottlenecking and founders effects in the development of breeds." A genetic bottleneck occurs when a breed is reduced to a limited number of breeding stock from which to repopulate, he says. Bottlenecking most often occurs when a breed is imported or introduced to another country and a limited genetic pool is available.

While the pedigree of the breed may remain large, the ancestral genes are limited to those carried by the imported dogs. This process also can cause a rare gene in the original population to be widely propagated in the new population, which is called the founders effect.

Founders effect also can occur through the overuse of a breeding dog in a population. Called popular sire syndrome, this effect can cause genetic drift, which is a shifting and loss of genes in the gene pool, and can propagate previously rare genes and establish breed-related genetic disorders.
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Posted: October 11th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Ten Tips For A Poison-safe House

1 Be aware of the plants you have in your house and in your yard. The ingestion of a poisonous plant can be fatal.

2 When cleaning your house, never allow your cat access to the area where cleaning agents are used or stored. Cleaning agents have a variety of properties. Some may only cause a mild stomach upset, while others could cause severe burns of the tongue, mouth, and stomach.

3 When using rat or mouse baits, ant or roach traps, or snail and slug baits, place the products in areas that are inaccessible to your cat. Most baits contain sweet-smelling, inert ingredients, such as jelly, peanut butter, and sugars, which can be very attractive to your pet.

4 Never give your animal any medications unless under the directions of a veterinarian. Many medications that are used safely in humans can be deadly when used inappropriately. One extra-strength acetaminophen tablet (500mg) can kill a 7 lb. cat.

5 Keep all prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs out of the reach of your cat, preferably in closed cabinets. Pain-killers, cold medicines, anti-cancer drugs, antidepressants, vitamins, and diet pills are common examples of human medications that could be potentially lethal, even in small dosages.

6 Never leave chocolates unattended. Approximately one half ounce or less of baking chocolate per pound of body weight can cause problems. Even small amounts can cause pancreatic problems.

7 Many common household items have been shown to be lethal in certain species. Miscellaneous items that are highly toxic even in low quantities include pennies (high concentration of zinc), mothballs (contains naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene — one or two balls can be life-threatening in most species), potpourri oils, fabric softener sheets, automatic dish detergents (contain cationic detergents which could cause corrosive lesions), batteries (contain acids or alkali which can also cause corrosive lesions), homemade play dough (contains high quantity of salt), winter heat source agents like hand or foot warmers (contain high levels of iron), cigarettes, coffee grounds, and alcoholic drinks.

8 All automotive products, such as oil, gasoline, and antifreeze, should be stored properly. As little as one teaspoon of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) can be deadly in a 7 lb. cat.

9 Before buying or using flea products on your pet or in your household, contact your veterinarian to discuss what types of flea products are recommended for your pet. Read ALL information before using a product on your animals or in your home. Always follow label instructions. When a product is labeled "for use in dogs only" this means that the product should NEVER be applied to cats. Also, when using a fogger or a house spray, make sure to remove all pets from the area for the time period specified on the container. If you are uncertain about the usage of any product, contact the manufacturer or your veterinarian to clarify the directions BEFORE use of the product.

10 When treating your lawn or garden with fertilizers, herbicides, or insecticides, always keep your animals away from the area until the area dries completely. Discuss usage of products with the manufacturer of the products to be used. Always store such products in an area that will ensure no possible pet exposure.

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Posted: October 10th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Switching A Dog’s Diet

Are there any special concerns when switching a pet’s diet?
Yes, and these concerns apply anytime a change in diet is made for dogs (young or old). Whenever a change in diet is made, it should be done gradually. This helps avoid the digestive upsets and food refusals which can occur if a diet is changed too quickly. The best method for switching foods is to gradually mix an increasing amount of the new product with the old product over a seven to ten day period until the animal is receiving only the new product. Also, keep in mind that while there are appropriate times to change a dog’’s diet, frequent changes are not necessary or recommended. It can contribute to finicky eating habits and increase the potential for stomach upsets. Consistency in pet foods is more important than variety.

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Posted: October 10th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Small Dogs Need Unique Nutrition

It should be no surprise that small dogs have very special nutritional requirements. After all, every reason for which you cherish your small dog is different from those of having a large dog.

Researchers have established that small dogs possess a dramatically different metabolism as compared to large breed dogs, due to physiologic effects of body mass. For example, studies have shown that a Great Dane weighing 100 pounds needs to consume about 23 calories per pound of body weight every day to maintain condition, whereas a 6-pound Pomeranian must take in 47 calories per pound of weight every day - more than twice as much. Also, small dogs and particularly toy breeds, have smaller stomachs that cannot handle a large amounts of food at one time. As a result, some highly active, adult small dogs may need to be fed 2-3 times a day to help to meet their unique nutrient and calorie needs. Most dog owners treat their small dog as a family member, preferring to feed their dog during breakfast and dinner times. Timing their meals with your meal will also help to reduce undesirable behaviors, such as begging at the dinner table.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the mother should be fed a palatable, digestible and high-energy food. Females should be fed a product specifically for all life stages the will supply the necessary nutrients for all stages of gestation and lactation. It’s important to maintain the bitch in good body condition without allowing her to become over weight during early stages of gestation. Because of their small stature and higher metabolic needs, pregnant small dogs may need to be fed 3 to 4 times a day to get the energy and nutrients needed to maintain increased demands of a healthy pregnancy. After the puppies are born, the mother must still be fed with a nutrient dense high-energy food to help her produce adequate milk for the puppies. The 6 to 8 weeks of nursing puppies is one of the most demanding times of a dog’s life.

Puppyhood

At 3 to 4 weeks of age, puppies usually begin the weaning process by eating their dam’s food. This will help in reducing the demand for mother’s milk, and get the puppies accustomed to eating a solid food that will help keep them in the best condition throughout their lives. This can be done by mixing solid food with warm water to make a soft and easy to chew gruel. The puppies should be fed several time times a day. They will often play with the food, and lick the gruel off of their paws - so make sure that they are eating adequate amounts for proper nourishment. Do not allow food to spoil in the bowl and change frequently to avoid spoilage.
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Posted: October 10th, 2007 under Dogs health & nutrition.
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Your Dogs Health Considerations

Weight Gain Prevention

Veterinary Calendar

Vaccinations

Understanding Lyme Disease

The Role Of Genetics In Diets

The Genetic Gamble

Ten Tips For A Poison-safe House

Switching A Dog’s Diet

Small Dogs Need Unique Nutrition